Understanding parking decisions with a Bayesian network

In this paper, a Bayesian network is developed to investigate three intertwining parking decisions, namely parking period, parking location, and parking duration, and the impacts of a number of parking-related factors on these decisions. With parking information from Beijing, China in 2005, the structure and parameter of a Bayesian network were learnt by employing the K2 algorithm and Bayesian parameter estimation method respectively. The results show that the decision on how long to park follows that on where to park, and both of them are affected by the decision of when to park. This suggests that parking policies aimed at intervening in one specific parking decision may have an indirect influence on other parking decisions, which embraces an integrated view in the development of parking policies. The findings facilitate the development of measures for regulating parking behavior by identifying important contributing factors.     

停车许可证的动态最优供给策略

考虑可预约和不可预约公共停车设施共存情况，制定停车许可证动态最优供给策略.构建随机最优控制模型以实现系统总时间损失期望值最小化，利用动态规划原理推导出最优性条件，即哈密尔顿-雅克比-贝尔曼方程，采用一种预设最优值函数方法得到动态最优供给策略的解析解.结果表明：动态最优供给策略为一个反馈控制，即车辆排队时间的函数；依据排队时间是否存在，动态最优供给策略分为两种情况.以北京市国贸地区为例进行蒙特卡洛实验可知：相较停车许可证完全供给策略，动态最优供给策略可节约时间0.45~1.94 min/veh；随着停车许可证用户行为不确定性增加，动态最优供给策略节约时间的平均值上升，变异系数下降.     

弹性停车激励机制下驾车者竞价行为演化机理研究

在获取通勤驾车者个体活动出行轨迹及停车竞价数据的基础上，构建基于生存分析理论的驾车者竞价行为演化模型，解析不同因素对停车竞价行为的影响机理；应用灵敏度分析方法，研究激励方案及职住区位设施供给对竞价持续时长的作用规律.结果表明：弹性停车激励机制使原本为“耐用品”的停车泊位转变为“消耗品”，可以通过竞价激励方式降低驾车者的小汽车依赖性，提高城市停车泊位利用率；在弹性停车激励机制作用下，驾车者的泊位共享积极性不仅受自身社会经济属性影响，还受职住区位特征及竞价激励方案的影响；随着通勤驾车者停车泊位共享积极性的增强，参与停车竞价的次数越多，竞价行为的持续时间越长.     

Parking space management via dynamic performance-based pricing

In congested urban areas, it remains a pressing challenge to reduce unnecessary vehicle circling for parking while at the same time maximize parking space utilization. In observance of new information technologies that have become readily accessible to drivers and parking agencies, we develop a dynamic non-cooperative bi-level model (i.e. Stackelberg leader–follower game) to set parking prices in real-time for effective parking access and space utilization. The model is expected to fit into an integrated parking pricing and management system, where parking reservations and transactions are facilitated by sensing and informatics infrastructures, that ensures the availability of convenient spaces at equilibrium market prices. It is shown with numerical examples that the proposed dynamic parking pricing model has the potential to virtually eliminate vehicle circling for parking, which results in significant reduction in adverse socioeconomic externalities such as traffic congestion and emissions.     

基于地铁停车换乘的区域差异性停车收费策略

为了鼓励公众尽可能多的采用地铁及停车换乘(PR)方式出行,从而缓解城市中心区的交通拥堵,研究区域差异性停车收费策略.针对大连市西安路商业中心及外围区域主要地铁站,开展停车来源与停车费用调查、PR意向性调查及沿线地铁、公交与小汽车客流调查.基于随机用户均衡理论,构建包含地铁、公交、小汽车及PR共4个选择肢的Logit模型,并利用调查数据进行参数标定.通过调整不同区域的停车收费价格,得到停车费用与PR及全程小汽车出行比例的关系曲线.通过案例,分析了区域差异性停车收费的效果.研究表明,提高中心区停车费将使全程小汽车出行比例显著降低;降低外围区停车费将使PR出行比例有所提高.     

The residential parking rent price elasticity of car ownership in Japan

By using household-level micro data captured through the National Survey of Family Income and Expenditure for 2004, this study evaluates the residential parking rent price elasticity of car ownership in Japan. It analyzes the number of cars owned by a household, using various attributes including expenditure for renting a parking space on a monthly basis. The estimation results derived from the IV-ordered probit model show that the absolute value of parking rent price elasticity of car ownership is, at most, 0.48, which is fairly small (i.e., inelastic). The elasticity value varies depending on city size; for megacities, elasticity is always negative for car ownership, whereas for middle-sized or small cities, towns, and villages, elasticity is positive for one-car ownership and negative for the ownership of more than one car. Hence, when the price of parking increases, some people may switch from more than one car to one car and some people in megacities may switch from one to zero cars. Indeed, the net effect of a price increase may be that non-car ownership increases in megacities and one-car ownership increases in other cities.     

Reducing car dependence in the heart of Europe: lessons from Germany,Austria, and Switzerland

Munich, Berlin, Hamburg, Vienna, and Zurich – the largest cities in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland – have significantly reduced the car share of trips over the past 25 years in spite of high motorisation rates. The key to their success has been a coordinated package of mutually reinforcing transport and land-use policies that have made car use slower, less convenient, and more costly, while increasing the safety, convenience, and feasibility of walking, cycling, and public transport. The mix of policies implemented in each city has been somewhat different. The German cities have done far more to promote cycling, while Zurich and Vienna offer more public transport service per capita at lower fares. All five of the cities have implemented roughly the same policies to promote walking, foster compact mixed-use development, and discourage car use. Of the car-restrictive policies, parking management has been by far the most important. The five case study cities demonstrate that it is possible to reduce car dependence even in affluent societies with high levels of car ownership and high expectations for quality of travel.     

《城市停车规划规范》要点解读

《城市停车规划规范》(GB/T 51149—2016)(以下简称《规范》)已于2017年2月1日起实施,对其编制的技术要点及主要条文内容进行解读,有助于更好地理解和执行《规范》。首先对《规范》编制的主要目的、意义和背景进行介绍。在统一对城市停车规划认识的基础上,明确城市停车规划应包含的内容。对城市停车位供给规模及比例构成等关键技术指标进行解释和说明,支持城市可持续发展的停车规划的制定。在提出通过多种途径增加停车位供给以缓解当前停车矛盾的同时,也考虑到为支持新能源汽车的发展在规划上预留空间。     

基于城市综合体分类的停车收费政策预评估

为有效评估停车收费政策在不同类型城市综合体中产生的效果差异,基于辐射范围、居民出行距离及公共交通服务水平三项特征指标,利用K-Means聚类算法将城市综合体分成市域型和区域型两类。与区域型综合体相比,市域型综合体辐射范围更广、所吸引的人群活动出行距离更长、公共交通服务水平更具竞争力。构建城市综合体居民行为选择模型,利用RP/SP融合数据标定模型参数,以消除意愿调查产生的偏差。该模型综合考虑停车收费政策和公共交通服务水平的关联性,能有效分析停车收费价格上涨幅度和公共交通服务水平改善对市域型和区域型城市综合体居民方式选择行为影响的贡献程度,为区域差别化停车收费政策制定提供参考依据。     

驻车加热器的应用现状及问题分析

为了使车辆能在低温下顺利起动,减少车辆冷起动带来的排放污染,越来越多的车辆开始使用驻车加热器。通过介绍驻车加热器的应用现状,指出现有加热器存在的问题,并分析问题产生的原因,提出可行的解决方法,可供同行参考。